P在Ubuntu 18.04 LTS上安裝Python 3.7
Python是最流行和按需的通用編程語言之一。它是一種高級的解釋型編程語言，支持多種編程範例，包括過程，面向對象和函數式編程。由於具有全面的標準庫，因此通常將其稱為“含電池”語言。
用途廣泛的一種非常通用的編程語言，因為它由初學者為科學家用於各種類型的活動。用於編程和腳本系統，自動執行重複性任務，構建網站和Web應用程序，機器學習算法，數據分析等。
在本教程中，您將學習如何在Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Bionic Beaver上安裝Python 3.7。包括在Ubuntu 18.04機器上安裝的兩種主要方法。一種來自使用APT程序包管理器的Deadsnakes PPA，另一種來自源代碼編譯。
使用APT（帶有PPA）在Ubuntu 3上安裝Python 3.7
Ubuntu 18.04默認帶有Python 3.6.9。您可以通過運行以下命令來獲取Python版本：
python3 --version Python 3.6.9
首先，您需要在Ubuntu 18.04計算機上更新Ubuntu軟件包存儲庫索引。這可以通過運行以下命令來完成：
$ sudo apt update
更新完成後，您需要確保在計算機上安裝了“ software-properties-common”軟件包，以便可以將PPA添加到計算機上。
$ sudo apt install software-properties-common
現在，您可以使用以下命令輕鬆添加Deadsnakes PPA：
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
最後，將必需的PPA添加到Ubuntu 18.04計算機後，您現在可以使用apt命令安裝Python 3.7。
的 -y apt選項告訴命令為提示設置auto yes。
$ sudo apt install python3.7 -y
Output $ sudo apt install python3.7 -y Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following additional packages will be installed: libpython3.7-minimal libpython3.7-stdlib python3-distutils python3-lib2to3 python3.7-minimal Suggested packages: python3.7-venv python3.7-doc binfmt-support The following NEW packages will be installed: libpython3.7-minimal libpython3.7-stdlib python3-distutils python3-lib2to3 python3.7 python3.7-minimal 0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 321 not upgraded. Need to get 4,792 kB of archives. After this operation, 26.6 MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y Get:1 http://ppa.launchpad.net/deadsnakes/ppa/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libpython3.7-minimal amd64 3.7.7-1+bionic1 [596 kB] Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 python3-lib2to3 all 3.6.9-1~18.04 [77.4 kB] Get:3 http://ppa.launchpad.net/deadsnakes/ppa/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 python3.7-minimal amd64 3.7.7-1+bionic1 [1,839 kB] Get:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 python3-distutils all 3.6.9-1~18.04 [144 kB] Get:5 http://ppa.launchpad.net/deadsnakes/ppa/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libpython3.7-stdlib amd64 3.7.7-1+bionic1 [1,784 kB] Get:6 http://ppa.launchpad.net/deadsnakes/ppa/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 python3.7 amd64 3.7.7-1+bionic1 [351 kB] Fetched 4,792 kB in 7s (737 kB/s) Selecting previously unselected package libpython3.7-minimal:amd64. (Reading database ... 134446 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../0-libpython3.7-minimal_3.7.7-1+bionic1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libpython3.7-minimal:amd64 (3.7.7-1+bionic1) ... Selecting previously unselected package python3.7-minimal. Preparing to unpack .../1-python3.7-minimal_3.7.7-1+bionic1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking python3.7-minimal (3.7.7-1+bionic1) ... Selecting previously unselected package libpython3.7-stdlib:amd64. Preparing to unpack .../2-libpython3.7-stdlib_3.7.7-1+bionic1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libpython3.7-stdlib:amd64 (3.7.7-1+bionic1) ... Selecting previously unselected package python3-lib2to3. Preparing to unpack .../3-python3-lib2to3_3.6.9-1~18.04_all.deb ... Unpacking python3-lib2to3 (3.6.9-1~18.04) ... Selecting previously unselected package python3-distutils. Preparing to unpack .../4-python3-distutils_3.6.9-1~18.04_all.deb ... Unpacking python3-distutils (3.6.9-1~18.04) ... Selecting previously unselected package python3.7. Preparing to unpack .../5-python3.7_3.7.7-1+bionic1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking python3.7 (3.7.7-1+bionic1) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.60ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.23-1ubuntu3.18.04.2) ... Setting up libpython3.7-minimal:amd64 (3.7.7-1+bionic1) ... Setting up python3.7-minimal (3.7.7-1+bionic1) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ... Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-11ubuntu1.1) ... Setting up python3-lib2to3 (3.6.9-1~18.04) ... Setting up python3-distutils (3.6.9-1~18.04) ... Setting up libpython3.7-stdlib:amd64 (3.7.7-1+bionic1) ... Setting up python3.7 (3.7.7-1+bionic1) ...
現在，您可以檢查python版本，以檢查python是否已成功安裝：
$ python3.7 -V Python 3.7.7
從源代碼安裝Python 3.7到Ubuntu
通過這種方法，您將學習如何通過源代碼進行編譯，從而在Ubuntu 18.04計算機上安裝python 3.7。要繼續，您需要確保滿足某些先決條件。首先，您需要確保在計算機上安裝了編譯源代碼所需的構建工具。
為此，您首先需要更新apt的本地存儲庫索引，如下所示：
$ sudo apt update
現在，本地存儲庫索引已更新，安裝編譯和安裝python3.7所需的依賴項。為此，您需要運行以下命令：
$ sudo apt install -y build-essential wget zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev libgdbm-dev libnss3-dev libssl-dev libreadline-dev libffi-dev
當所有依賴項都已安裝並準備就緒時，請使用wget命令從官方Python網站下載最新版本的Python 3.7，如下所示：
$ wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.7/Python-3.7.7.tgz --2020-03-17 16:19:44-- https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.7/Python-3.7.7.tgz Resolving www.python.org (www.python.org)... 151.101.8.223, 2a04:4e42:2::223 Connecting to www.python.org (www.python.org)|151.101.8.223|:443... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 23161893 (22M) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: ‘Python-3.7.7.tgz’ Python-3.7.7.tgz 100%[===================>] 22.09M 2.50MB/s in 9.2s 2020-03-17 16:19:54 (2.41 MB/s) - ‘Python-3.7.7.tgz’ saved [23161893/23161893]
在編寫本教程時，python 3.7發行了最新版本3.7.7。因此，請使用tar命令下載並提取tgz文件。
$ tar -xf Python-3.7.7.tgz
從tgz文件中提取源代碼後，將cd插入目錄並運行configure腳本以評估是否已滿足編譯所需的依賴關係。 –enable-optimizations標誌可優化Python二進制文件並將代碼執行提高10-20％。
$ cd Python-3.7.7
$ ./configure --enable-optimizations checking if the dirent structure of a d_type field... yes checking for the Linux getrandom() syscall... yes checking for the getrandom() function... yes checking for pkg-config... no checking for openssl/ssl.h in /usr/local/ssl... no checking for openssl/ssl.h in /usr/lib/ssl... no checking for openssl/ssl.h in /usr/ssl... no checking for openssl/ssl.h in /usr/pkg... no checking for openssl/ssl.h in /usr/local... no checking for openssl/ssl.h in /usr... yes checking whether compiling and linking against OpenSSL works... yes checking for X509_VERIFY_PARAM_set1_host in libssl... yes checking for --with-ssl-default-suites... python configure: creating ./config.status config.status: creating Makefile.pre config.status: creating Misc/python.pc config.status: creating Misc/python-config.sh config.status: creating Modules/ld_so_aix config.status: creating pyconfig.h creating Modules/Setup creating Modules/Setup.local creating Makefile
配置腳本成功運行後，通過運行帶有altinstall參數的make命令在Ubuntu 18.04 LTS計算機上安裝python 3.7。參數altinstall阻止將其安裝為系統上的默認Python版本。
$ sudo make altinstall changing mode of /usr/local/bin/idle3.7 to 755 changing mode of /usr/local/bin/pyvenv-3.7 to 755 changing mode of /usr/local/bin/pydoc3.7 to 755 changing mode of /usr/local/bin/2to3-3.7 to 755 rm /usr/local/lib/python3.7/lib-dynload/_sysconfigdata_m_linux_x86_64-linux-gnu.py rm -r /usr/local/lib/python3.7/lib-dynload/__pycache__ Creating directory /usr/local/share/man/man1 /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./Misc/python.man /usr/local/share/man/man1/python3.7.1 if test "xupgrade" != "xno" ; then case upgrade in upgrade) ensurepip="--altinstall --upgrade" ;; install|*) ensurepip="--altinstall" ;; esac; ./python -E -m ensurepip $ensurepip --root=/ ; fi Looking in links: /tmp/tmp06ih2lq9 Collecting setuptools Collecting pip Installing collected packages: setuptools, pip Successfully installed pip-19.2.3 setuptools-41.2.0
現在，您可以通過檢查版本來檢查Python 3.7是否已成功安裝：
$ python3.7 -V Python 3.7.7
結論
最後，您已經在Ubuntu 18.04 LTS計算機上成功安裝了python 3.7。在撰寫本文時，Python 3.7的最新版本是3.7.7。因此，您可以將3.7.7版替換為最新版本。現在，您可以輕鬆運行為3.7創建的Python腳本和代碼。如果您有任何問題，建議或反饋，請在下面的評論框中發布。